GAG · Topic directory

GAG topic directory

All 591 published GAG titles for FRCA revision, grouped by section and system. Use it to see what GAG covers before you subscribe; the items themselves open inside your course.

Graphs & Science 222
Anatomy 97
Guidelines & Tables 272

Graphs & Science (222)

Graphs, waveforms, equations and mechanisms for anaesthesia physiology, pharmacology, physics, clinical measurement, equipment and statistics. About Graphs & Science →

Acid–base(8)

Anion gap and albumin correction Equation · Primary and Final
Buffer systems and buffer capacity Graph · Primary and Final
Dissociation constant, pKa and ionisation Graph · Primary and Final
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation Equation · Primary and Final
Lactate and lactic acidosis Schematic · Primary and Final
pH and hydrogen ion concentration Graph · Primary and Final
Primary acid–base disorders and expected compensation Graph · Primary and Final
Strong ion difference (Stewart approach) Equation · Primary and Final

Airway(5)

Double-lumen tubes and bronchial blockers: placement, confirmation, displacement Equipment · Primary and Final
Oxygen stores, preoxygenation and safe apnoea time (illustrative curves) Graph · Primary and Final
Supraglottic airway devices: position, seal and failure Equipment · Primary and Final
Tracheal tubes and cuffs: design, seal, pressure and failure Equipment · Primary and Final
Videolaryngoscopes, flexible scopes and introducers Equipment · Primary and Final

Cardiovascular(28)

Abnormal central venous pressure waveforms Waveform · Primary and Final
Autonomic effects on the pacemaker potential Graph · Primary and Final
Bradycardia, heart block and pacing: ECG recognition Waveform · Primary and Final
Cardiac axis and corrected QT (QTc) Measurement · Primary and Final
Cardiac cycle (Wiggers diagram) Waveform · Primary and Final
Cardiac output equation and heart rate Equation · Primary and Final
Ejection fraction Equation · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Fick principle and Fick cardiac output measurement Equation · Primary and Final
Frank–Starling relationship Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Intra-aortic balloon pump: timing, waveform and effects Waveform · Final
Ischaemia and drug effects on the ECG Waveform · Primary and Final
Left ventricular pressure–volume loop Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
LV pressure–volume loops in valve disease Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Normal central venous pressure waveform Waveform · Primary and Final
Ohm's law analogy in the circulation Equation · Primary and Final
Oxygen flux: delivery, consumption and extraction Graph · Primary and Final
Pacemaker (SA node) action potential Graph · Primary and Final
Potassium and calcium: ECG patterns and mechanisms Waveform · Primary and Final
Preload, afterload and contractility Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Pulmonary artery catheter waveforms Waveform · Primary and Final
PV loops in systolic and diastolic heart failure Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Right ventricular pressure–volume loop Graph · Primary and Final
Systemic vascular resistance: calculation, units and interpretation Equation · Primary and Final
Tachyarrhythmias: ECG recognition Waveform · Primary and Final
The normal ECG: calibration, intervals and a systematic read Waveform · Primary and Final
Valsalva manoeuvre Graph · Primary and Final
Venous return and cardiac function curves (Guyton) Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Ventricular myocyte action potential Graph · Primary and Final

Cell physiology(4)

Cell membrane: lipid bilayer, transport and receptors Structure schematic · Primary and Final
Ion channels: gating, selectivity and anaesthetic targets Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
Sodium–potassium ATPase: stoichiometry, gradients and inhibition Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
The cell: organelles, protein synthesis and drug handling Structure schematic · Primary and Final

Clinical measurement(19)

Abnormal capnograms: obstruction, rebreathing, disconnection, low output, oesophageal tube Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Arterial pressure waveform: amplification, dicrotic notch and artefacts Waveform · Primary and Final
Bourdon pressure gauge Equipment · Primary and Final
Capnography: normal time and volumetric capnograms, dead space and EtCO2 versus PaCO2 Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Clark (polarographic) oxygen electrode Equipment · Primary and Final
Damping, natural frequency and the fast-flush test Graph · Primary and Final
EEG and processed EEG depth-of-anaesthesia monitoring Waveform · Primary and Final
Einthoven triangle and limb-lead vectors Graph · Primary and Final
Fuel cell (galvanic) oxygen analyser Equipment · Primary and Final
Measurement system characteristics: accuracy, drift, hysteresis and response time Measurement · Primary
Measuring gas flow and volume: pneumotachograph, rotameter, Wright respirometer, hot wire Equipment · Primary
Near-patient testing: haemoglobin, glucose and coagulation Measurement · Primary and Final
Paramagnetic oxygen analyser Equipment · Primary and Final
pH measurement: glass and reference electrodes Measurement · Primary and Final
Pulse oximetry: principle, calibration and limitations Measurement · Primary and Final
Quantitative neuromuscular monitoring and recovery criteria Measurement · Primary and Final
Severinghaus CO2 electrode Equipment · Primary and Final
Temperature measurement: sites, thermistors, resistance and infrared thermometers Clinical measurement · Primary and Final
Thermocouple and the Seebeck effect Clinical measurement · Primary and Final

Critical care(5)

CRRT dose, filtration fraction and solute kinetics Equation · Primary and Final
CRRT extracorporeal circuit: components, pressures and alarms Equipment schematic · Primary and Final
CRRT modes: convection, diffusion, dilution and anticoagulation Equipment schematic · Primary and Final
Dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Patient–ventilator dyssynchrony on matched ventilator traces Waveform · Final Interactive graph

Endocrine(2)

Catecholamine synthesis, storage, release and metabolism Pathway schematic · Primary and Final
Vitamin D synthesis, activation and calcium–phosphate control Pathway schematic · Primary and Final

Equipment(15)

Anaesthetic gas scavenging systems Equipment · Primary and Final
Circle breathing system and low-flow anaesthesia Equipment · Primary and Final
Defibrillator circuit: capacitance, inductance and stored energy Equipment physics · Primary and Final
Humidifiers and heat and moisture exchangers Physics · Primary and Final
Mapleson breathing systems A–F Equipment · Primary and Final
Oxygen delivery devices, Bernoulli and Venturi masks Physics · Primary and Final
Patient and fluid warming devices and theatre ventilation Equipment · Primary
Piped medical gas systems and pipeline failure Equipment · Primary and Final
Pressure-controlled ventilation: traces and variable tidal volume Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Self-inflating bag–valve–mask Equipment · Primary and Final
Suction apparatus: vacuum sources, regulation and catheter size Equipment · Primary
Surgical diathermy: monopolar and bipolar circuits, current density and safety Equipment physics · Primary and Final
Vacuum-insulated evaporator (bulk liquid oxygen) Equipment · Primary and Final
Vaporisers: variable bypass, desflurane and electronic designs Equipment · Primary and Final
Volume-controlled ventilation: flow delivery, pressure response and limits Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph

Fluids(3)

Body fluid compartments: volumes, measurement and age Graph · Primary and Final
Capillary Starling forces: classic and revised (glycocalyx) models Schematic · Primary and Final
Osmolality, osmolar gap and glucose-corrected sodium Equation · Primary and Final

Gastrointestinal(1)

Bile: formation, enterohepatic circulation and jaundice Schematic · Primary and Final

Haematology(7)

Blood cells, full blood count, polycythaemia and artificial oxygen carriers Schematic · Primary
Cell-based model of coagulation and anticoagulant sites Pathway schematic · Primary and Final
Classical coagulation cascade and laboratory tests Pathway schematic · Primary and Final
Complement activation pathways and functions Pathway schematic · Primary and Final
Haemoglobin structure, species and dyshaemoglobins Structure schematic · Primary and Final
Immunoglobulin structure, classes and hypersensitivity Structure schematic · Primary and Final
Viscoelastic haemostatic traces (TEG and ROTEM) Trace schematic · Final

Metabolism and temperature(4)

Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the Cori cycle Schematic · Primary and Final
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation Schematic · Primary and Final
Respiratory quotient and energy expenditure Graph · Primary and Final
Starvation and the metabolic stress response Schematic · Primary and Final

Muscle and neuromuscular(4)

Actin–myosin cross-bridge cycle Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ Reflex schematic · Primary and Final
Neuromuscular junction: transmission and drug action sites Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
Sarcomere structure and the length–tension relation Graph · Primary and Final

Neurosciences(8)

Cerebral autoregulation: blood flow versus perfusion pressure Graph · Primary and Final
Cerebral blood flow: responses to PaCO2 and PaO2 Graph · Primary and Final
Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation monitoring: CPP, SjvO2, PbtO2, NIRS and PRx Measurement · Primary and Final
Evoked potential monitoring: SSEP, MEP and anaesthetic effects Waveform · Final
ICP waveform: pulse components, slow waves and artefact Waveform · Primary and Final
Intracranial pressure–volume relationship and compliance Graph · Primary and Final
Nerve action potential: ionic basis, refractoriness and conduction Graph · Primary and Final
Synaptic transmission: release, EPSP/IPSP, summation and modulation Graph · Primary and Final

Pain(2)

Gate control theory of pain (1965) and its limitations Schematic · Primary and Final
Pain pathways: nociceptors, dorsal horn, ascending and descending systems Schematic · Primary and Final

Perioperative medicine(3)

Exercise physiology and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) Graph · Primary and Final
Perioperative hypothermia: redistribution, linear and plateau phases Graph · Primary and Final
Thermoregulatory thresholds, shivering, and fever versus hyperthermia Graph · Primary and Final

Pharmacology(26)

Absorption, first-pass metabolism and bioavailability Graph · Primary
Anaesthetic uptake: alveolar ventilation, cardiac output and wash-out Equation · Primary and Final
Clearance, extraction ratio and hepatic blood flow Graph · Primary and Final
Competitive and non-competitive antagonism and the Schild plot Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Concentration and second-gas effects Physics · Primary and Final
Context-sensitive half-time and decrement times Graph · Primary and Final
Diffusion hypoxia after nitrous oxide Graph · Primary and Final
Dose–response curves: linear and log axes, potency, efficacy and slope Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Drug and infusion calculations: concentrations, dilutions, rates and cylinder duration Equation · Primary and Final
Effect site, ke0 and hysteresis Graph · Primary and Final
First-order, zero-order and capacity-limited elimination Graph · Primary and Final
Half-life, time constant, accumulation and washout Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Isobolograms: additive, synergistic and sub-additive drug interactions Graph · Primary and Final
Isomerism and chirality in anaesthetic drugs Structure schematic · Primary
Local anaesthetic ionisation, pKa and speed of onset Graph · Primary and Final
Local anaesthetic mechanism: sodium-channel access, use dependence and differential block Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
Mechanisms of volatile anaesthetic action Mechanism schematic · Primary and Final
Meyer–Overton correlation: lipid solubility and anaesthetic potency Graph · Primary and Final
Neuromuscular block: mechanisms, phase I/II and stimulation patterns Measurement schematic · Primary and Final
One-, two- and three-compartment models Graph · Primary and Final
Prostanoid synthesis, COX isoforms and drug effects Pathway schematic · Primary and Final
Quantal dose–response curves and therapeutic index Graph · Primary and Final
Receptor occupancy and response: spare receptors, partial and inverse agonists Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Redistribution after an intravenous bolus (thiopental) Graph · Primary and Final
Volatile-agent wash-in: the FA/FI curve Graph · Primary and Final
Volume of distribution and loading dose Graph · Primary and Final

Physics(31)

Avogadro's law, the mole and molar volume Physics · Primary
Beer–Lambert law: absorbance, concentration and path length Physics · Primary and Final
Boyle's law: pressure and volume at constant temperature Physics · Primary and Final
Charles's law: volume and temperature at constant pressure Physics · Primary
Critical temperature and pressure: gases, vapours and cylinder storage Physics · Primary and Final
Cylinder contents: compressed versus liquefied gases Graph · Primary and Final
Doppler effect: frequency shift, angle, velocity and aliasing Physics · Primary and Final
Electrical interference, differential amplifiers and filtering Physics · Primary
Electricity basics: current, voltage, resistance, impedance, AC and DC Physics · Primary and Final
Exponential function, time constant and logarithms Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Fick’s law of diffusion Physics · Primary and Final
Graham's law of effusion and diffusion Physics · Primary
Hagen–Poiseuille equation Equation · Primary and Final
Heat transfer: radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation Physics · Primary and Final
Henry's law: dissolved gas and partial pressure Physics · Primary and Final
Humidity: absolute, relative, dew point and measurement Physics · Primary and Final
Ideal gas equation and Dalton's law of partial pressures Physics · Primary and Final
Laminar and turbulent flow and the Reynolds number Physics · Primary and Final
Lasers: generation, wavelength, tissue interaction and hazards Physics · Primary and Final
Law of Laplace: spheres, cylinders and wall stress Equation · Primary and Final
Phase diagrams, the triple point and the critical point Physics · Primary
Pressure–temperature (Gay-Lussac's) law and gas cylinders Physics · Primary
Pressure: absolute, gauge and transmural, and unit conversions Physics · Primary and Final
Raman effect: inelastic light scattering and gas analysis Physics · Primary
Reflection, refraction and total internal reflection Physics · Primary and Final
Specific heat capacity and latent heat Physics · Primary and Final
Ultrasound artefacts, Doppler aliasing and safety indices (MI, TI) Physics · Primary and Final
Ultrasound physics: frequency, pulse–echo, impedance and attenuation Physics · Primary and Final
Wave characteristics: frequency, wavelength, phase, interference and resonance Physics · Primary
Wheatstone bridge and strain-gauge pressure transducers Physics · Primary and Final
Work, energy and power: force–distance, pressure–volume and SI units Equation · Primary and Final

Regional anaesthesia(1)

Nerve stimulator physics: strength–duration curve, rheobase and chronaxie Graph · Primary and Final

Renal(4)

Glomerular filtration rate: Starling forces, Kf and estimation Graph · Primary and Final
Renal blood flow autoregulation Graph · Primary and Final
Renal clearance Equation · Primary and Final
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system Pathway schematic · Primary and Final

Respiratory(26)

Altitude physiology and acclimatisation, with hyperbaric contrast Graph · Primary
Alveolar diffusion, perfusion limitation and DLCO Graph · Primary and Final
Alveolar gas equation and the A–a gradient Equation · Primary and Final
Alveolar oxygen and blood flow Graph · Primary and Final
Bohr and Enghoff dead-space equations Equation · Primary and Final
Closing capacity, FRC, age, posture and anaesthesia Graph · Primary and Final
CO₂ carriage, the CO₂ dissociation curve and the Haldane effect Graph · Primary and Final
Dead space and Fowler's single-breath nitrogen method Graph · Primary and Final
Dynamic airway compression and the equal-pressure point Graph · Primary and Final
Flow–volume loops: normal, obstruction, restriction and upper-airway patterns Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Forced expiration: volume–time curve, FEV1/FVC and reference limits Graph · Primary and Final
Functional residual capacity: determinants and measurement Measurement · Primary and Final
Lung and chest wall compliance: pressure–volume relaxation curves Graph · Primary and Final
Lung pressure–volume loop: hysteresis and recruitment Graph · Primary and Final
Lung volumes and capacities Graph · Primary
Oxygen cascade Graph · Primary and Final
Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve and the Bohr effect Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Pulmonary vascular resistance: calculation, pressure–flow and hypoxic vasoconstriction Equation · Primary and Final
PVR versus lung volume: alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels Graph · Primary and Final
Shunt and the shunt equation Equation · Primary and Final
Ventilation–perfusion ratio: from shunt to dead space Graph · Primary and Final
Ventilator traces: peak, plateau, driving pressure, auto-PEEP and time constants Waveform · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Ventilatory response to CO₂: threshold, slope and shifts Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Ventilatory response to hypoxia and the peripheral chemoreceptors Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
West lung zones Graph · Primary and Final
Work of breathing: elastic and resistive work and the rate trade-off Graph · Primary and Final

Safety and quality(2)

Electrical safety: leakage current, macroshock, microshock, earthing and isolation Physics · Primary and Final
Run charts and statistical process control charts Graph · Primary and Final

Statistics(13)

Forest plots and funnel plots Graph · Primary and Final
Likelihood ratios, Bayes and the Fagan principle Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Mean, median and mode Graph · Primary and Final
Normal distribution and standardisation Graph · Primary and Final
Number needed to treat (and to harm) Graph · Primary and Final
Odds ratio and relative risk Graph · Primary and Final
Predictive values and prevalence Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
ROC curves, AUC, discrimination and calibration Graph · Primary and Final
Sensitivity, specificity and test thresholds Graph · Primary and Final Interactive graph
Statistical variability: SD, standard error and confidence intervals Graph · Primary and Final
Study design, effect estimates, bias and confounding Schematic · Primary and Final
Survival curves and hazard ratios Graph · Primary and Final
Type I and II errors, power and sample size Graph · Primary and Final

Toxicology(1)

Paracetamol overdose: the UK treatment line and acetylcysteine Graph · Primary and Final

Anatomy (97)

Simplified anatomical and sonoanatomy schematics: airway, neuraxis, plexuses, vascular access, the heart and the relations that matter for procedures. About Anatomy →

Airway(9)

Adult and paediatric airway: proportions and the narrowest level Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Bronchoscopic anatomy: carina, lobar orifices and orientation Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Front of neck: cricothyroid membrane, relations and ultrasound Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Head and neck surgical relations: thyroid, carotid and facial nerve Anatomy schematic · Final
Laryngeal innervation: superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Larynx: cartilages, joints, muscles and glottis Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Neck cross-section at C6: relations, fascia and hazards Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Nose: passages, septum, turbinates, blood and nerve supply Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Thoracic inlet and first rib: relations, pleural dome and thoracic outlet Anatomy · Primary and Final

Cardiovascular(16)

Antecubital (cubital) fossa: boundaries, contents and venous access Anatomy · Primary and Final
Axillary and subclavian veins: anatomy and ultrasound-guided access Anatomy and sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Blood vessel structure, compliance and capacitance Schematic · Primary and Final
Cardiac chambers, valves, septa and conduction system Anatomy · Primary and Final
Cardiac veins and the coronary sinus Anatomy · Primary and Final
Cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: components, flow and physiological effects Anatomy schematic · Final
Congenital shunts, cyanotic physiology and Eisenmenger syndrome Anatomical schematic · Primary and Final
Coronary arteries: origins, course, dominance and territories Anatomy · Primary and Final
Femoral triangle: boundaries, femoral sheath and ultrasound for femoral access Anatomy and sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Fetal circulation and changes at birth Anatomy · Primary and Final
Focused echo: apical four-chamber, subcostal and IVC views Sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Focused echo: parasternal long- and short-axis views Sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Internal jugular vein: course, relations and ultrasound-guided cannulation Anatomy and sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Left-sided valve lesions: anatomy and pressure–flow consequences Anatomical schematic · Primary and Final
Radial artery cannulation: anatomy, ultrasound and alternative arterial sites Anatomy and sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Ventricular assist devices and comparison of mechanical circulatory support Anatomy schematic · Final

Critical care(6)

Central venous catheter tip position, malposition pathways and confirmation Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
CT chest emergencies: tension pneumothorax, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Lines and tubes on the chest radiograph: target positions Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Lung ultrasound in pneumothorax: sliding, A-lines, barcode and lung point Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Pleura, recesses and the safe triangle for chest drains Anatomy · Primary and Final
VV and VA ECMO: cannulation, flow paths and complications Anatomy schematic · Final

Endocrine(2)

Adrenal gland: relations, zones, products and blood supply Anatomy · Primary and Final
Hypothalamus and pituitary: connections, portal supply and lobes Anatomy · Primary and Final

Gastrointestinal(3)

Liver blood supply and Couinaud segments (overview) Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Liver lobule, acinus and zonal vulnerability Schematic · Primary and Final
Splanchnic circulation: arterial supply, portal system and reservoir Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Muscle and neuromuscular(1)

Skeletal muscle structure: fibre hierarchy, triad and motor unit Schematic · Primary and Final

Neurosciences(14)

Autonomic nervous system: outflow, ganglia, transmitters and organ supply Anatomy · Primary and Final
Brain herniation, brainstem reflexes and focal lesion localisation Anatomy · Primary and Final
Cerebrospinal fluid: production, circulation, absorption and composition Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Circle of Willis: arteries, territories and variants Anatomy · Primary and Final
Dermatomes: anterior and posterior maps, key landmarks and overlap Anatomy · Primary and Final
Functional anatomy of the brain: lobes, deep nuclei, brainstem and cerebellum Anatomy · Primary and Final
Myotomes and tendon reflexes: key root movements Anatomy · Primary and Final
Neuron structure: soma, dendrites, axon, myelin and nodes Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Non-contrast CT head: systematic review and haematoma patterns (schematic) Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Reflex arc: monosynaptic stretch and polysynaptic withdrawal reflexes Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Skull base foramina and their contents Anatomy · Primary and Final
Spinal cord blood supply and watershed vulnerability Anatomy · Primary and Final
Spinal cord cross-section: tracts, crossings and lesion patterns Anatomy · Primary and Final
Visual pathway, field defects and the pupillary light reflex Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Obstetric(3)

Aortocaval compression and uterine displacement Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Pregnancy: neuraxial and airway anatomical changes Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Uteroplacental circulation and placental drug transfer Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Paediatric(2)

Caudal block sonoanatomy and age-related differences Sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Neonatal circulatory transition at birth Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Perioperative medicine(2)

Positioning nerve injuries: brachial plexus, ulnar, radial and common peroneal Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Prone, lithotomy and beach-chair positions: pressure, eye, airway and perfusion risks Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Regional anaesthesia(31)

Adductor canal block window Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Ankle block: five nerves and their windows Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Anterior abdominal wall: layers, rectus sheath, segmental nerves and vessels Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Axillary block window: terminal nerves around the axillary artery Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Brachial plexus: roots to terminal branches, variants and injury patterns Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Cervical plexus blocks (superficial, intermediate, deep): sonoanatomy at C4 Sonoanatomy · Final
Chest wall plane blocks: interpectoral, pectoserratus and serratus anterior Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Conus, dural sac and surface landmarks: lumbar neuraxis in sagittal view Anatomy · Primary and Final
Epidural space: boundaries, contents and lumbar versus thoracic Anatomy · Primary and Final
Femoral and fascia iliaca block window Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Infraclavicular block windows: cords around the axillary artery Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Intercostal space: muscle layers, neurovascular bundles and pleura Anatomy · Primary and Final
Interscalene block window: sonoanatomy and the phrenic nerve Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Lumbar plexus: roots, psoas relations, branches and territories Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nerves: axilla to wrist Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Neuraxial functional levels: sympathetic, cardioaccelerator and visceral pathways Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Neuraxial ultrasound: views and counting levels Sonoanatomy · Primary and Final
Obturator nerve block window Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Ophthalmic blocks: cone, spaces, complications and the oculocardiac reflex Anatomy · Primary and Final
Popliteal sciatic block window Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Pudendal nerve course and perineal relations Anatomy · Primary and Final
Quadratus lumborum blocks: relations, variants and spread Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Sacral plexus: roots, pelvic relations, branches, sciatic and pudendal territories Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Sacrum and sacral hiatus: anatomy for caudal access Anatomy · Primary and Final
Spinal nerve: roots, ganglion, rami and sympathetic connections Anatomy · Primary and Final
Subgluteal sciatic block window Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Supraclavicular block window: subclavian artery, first rib and pleura Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
TAP and rectus sheath blocks: sonoanatomy, spread and evidence Sonoanatomy schematic · Primary and Final
The orbit: walls, apex, muscles, vessels and nerves Anatomy · Primary and Final
Thoracic paravertebral space and erector spinae plane Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Vertebrae and spinal ligaments: midline versus paramedian approach Anatomy · Primary and Final

Renal(3)

Loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Nephron: segments, blood supply and endocrine roles Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Renal vessels and ureter: relations and procedural relevance Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final

Respiratory(4)

Bronchial tree: lobar and segmental bronchi, right–left differences Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Diaphragm: attachments, openings, innervation and paralysis Anatomy · Primary and Final
Systematic chest radiograph review (schematic) Anatomy schematic · Primary and Final
Typical rib: features, joints, costal groove and pleural relations Anatomy · Primary and Final

Resuscitation(1)

Intraosseous access: sites, landmarks and complications Anatomy · Primary and Final

Guidelines & Tables (272)

Concise summaries of anaesthesia guidance, and reference, comparison and classification tables. About Guidelines & Tables →

Guideline summaries (152)

Airway(14)

Adult tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies (NTSP) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Airway management with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury (2024) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Awake tracheal intubation in adults (DAS 2019) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Can't intubate, can't oxygenate (CICO) and emergency front-of-neck airway Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics (OAA/DAS 2015) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Haematoma after thyroid surgery (DAS/BAETS/ENT UK 2021) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Laryngospasm and stridor Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric and neonatal difficult airway (APA/DAS; ESAIC/BJA 2024) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric tracheostomy emergencies (NTSP) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Pulmonary aspiration: risk, recognition and management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Rapid sequence induction and intubation in adult practice Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Tracheal extubation and the at-risk airway (DAS 2012) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Tracheal intubation in critically ill adults (DAS/ICS/FICM/RCoA 2018) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults (DAS 2025) Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Cardiovascular(6)

Cardiac tamponade Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Circulatory embolus: gas, thrombus, fat, cement and amniotic fluid Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Hypertension under anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Hypotension under anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative cardiac ischaemia and acute coronary syndrome Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Service standards for cardiac and thoracic anaesthesia (GPAS 18-19) Guideline summary · Final

Critical care(19)

Cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure, mechanical circulatory support and ECMO Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Coagulopathy and thrombotic disorders in critical illness: DIC, TTP, HIT and VITT Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Deceased organ donation: identification, referral, DBD/DCD pathways and donor optimisation Guideline summary · Final
Devastating brain injury: early management and prognostication Guideline summary · Final
Diagnosis and confirmation of death (AoMRC Code of Practice 2025) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
End-of-life care and treatment-limitation decisions in critical care Guideline summary · Final
ICU prophylaxis bundle: VTE, stress ulcer, eye care and infection prevention Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Intensive care service standards (GPICS V3) Guideline summary · Final
Invasive procedure safety checklists (LocSSIPs) in critical care Guideline summary · Final
Nutrition support and refeeding in critical illness Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia and influenza: diagnosis, antibiotics and escalation Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Prolonged weaning: specialised weaning units and respiratory support units Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Recognising deterioration, levels of care and enhanced care Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Rehabilitation after critical illness and ICU-acquired weakness Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Safe vascular access and central venous catheters Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Sedation, analgesia, delirium and physical restraint in critical care Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Suspected sepsis in adults: recognition, antimicrobials and early management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Tracheostomy insertion, care and tube safety in critical care (ICS 2020) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Transfer of the critically ill adult Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Endocrine(2)

Peri-operative management of diabetes mellitus Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative glucocorticoids, adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Equipment(3)

Checking anaesthetic equipment and breathing systems Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Mains (pipeline) oxygen failure and cylinder safety Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Mains electricity failure Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Gastrointestinal(1)

Acute pancreatitis, GI bleeding and abdominal emergencies in critical care Guideline summary · Final

Haematology(9)

Acute transfusion reactions, TACO and TRALI Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Bleeding on anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs: reversal Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Blood components: indications, thresholds and safe administration Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Cell salvage and patient blood management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Massive blood loss and major haemorrhage (non-obstetric) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs or with abnormal coagulation Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Sickle cell disease: perioperative care, transfusion and acute complications Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in adults Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Metabolism and temperature(3)

Diabetic emergencies: DKA, HHS and hypoglycaemia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Malignant hyperthermia crisis Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative hyperthermia (undifferentiated) Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Neurosciences(2)

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, stroke and thrombectomy Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Status epilepticus: adult staged management (children separate) Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Obstetric(9)

Anaesthesia for caesarean birth, including category 1 and general anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Anaesthesia for parturients with medical conditions Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Critical care of the pregnant and recently pregnant woman Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Hypertension in pregnancy, severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Labour analgesia and failed or inadequate neuraxial block Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Obstetric anaesthesia service standards Guideline summary · Final
Postpartum and major obstetric haemorrhage Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Sepsis in pregnant or recently pregnant people Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Thromboprophylaxis, anticoagulation and neuraxial block in pregnancy Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Paediatric(9)

Intravenous fluids and glucose in children and young people Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric anaesthesia and critical-care transition service standards Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric perioperative care: preassessment, URTI, emergence delirium and recovery Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric postoperative and procedural analgesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric regional anaesthesia: complications, dosing and NRFit caudals Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative VTE prophylaxis in children Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Sedation for procedures in children and young people Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Suspected sepsis in children and young people under 16 Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Transfusion in neonates, infants and children Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Pain(3)

Chronic, neuropathic and cancer pain management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Opioid stewardship, chronic opioid use and controlled drugs Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative pain management in adults Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Perioperative medicine(22)

Anaesthesia and perioperative care for people living with obesity Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Anaphylaxis follow-up, referral and drug allergy labelling Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Day surgery: patient selection and perioperative management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
ENT, maxillofacial, dental, ophthalmic and neuroanaesthesia services (GPAS 12-14) Guideline summary · Final
Hip fracture and joint replacement: anaesthesia and perioperative care Guideline summary · Final
Immediate post-anaesthesia recovery: PACU standards and discharge Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity hypoventilation: perioperative management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative care in hypertension, heart failure, valve disease and arrhythmia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative care in specific conditions Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative care of older people living with frailty Guideline summary · Final
Perioperative delirium and care of people with dementia Guideline summary · Final
Postoperative nausea and vomiting: risk, prophylaxis and rescue Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Preoperative anaemia: identification and management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Preoperative assessment, investigation and optimisation of adults Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Preoperative fasting and aspiration-risk assessment (adult, child, pregnancy) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Regional anaesthesia and inpatient pain service standards (GPAS 8 and 11; FPM) Guideline summary · Final
Safe sedation for healthcare procedures in adults Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Service standards for elective, urgent and emergency perioperative care (GPAS 2 and 5) Guideline summary · Final
The anaesthesia department: GPAS framework, team and accreditation Guideline summary · Final
Vascular, trauma and orthopaedic, and burns and plastics services (GPAS 15-17) Guideline summary · Final

Pharmacology(2)

Neuromuscular blockade: quantitative monitoring and reversal Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Safe practice of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Professional practice and law(7)

Anaesthetist wellbeing: substance use, suicide, fatigue and return to work Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Consent for anaesthesia and shared decision-making Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Consent for transfusion and patients who refuse blood Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Mental capacity, best interests and deprivation of liberty across the UK nations Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Organ donation law and consent across the UK nations Guideline summary · Final
Professional duties: good medical practice, confidentiality, candour and raising concerns Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Resuscitation decisions, DNACPR, ReSPECT and perioperative advance care plans Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Regional anaesthesia(7)

Asepsis for neuraxial block: skin antisepsis and sterile gowns Guideline summary · Primary and Final
High and total central neuraxial block Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Nerve injury associated with regional anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Neuraxial complications: haematoma, abscess, nerve injury and neurological monitoring Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Peripheral nerve block safety: Prep-Stop-Block, consent, supervision and documentation Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Post-dural puncture headache Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Regional analgesia for lower leg trauma and acute compartment syndrome Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Renal(2)

Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Hyperkalaemia and electrolyte emergencies Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Respiratory(7)

ARDS: lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning and extracorporeal support Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Bronchospasm under anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Hypoxia, desaturation and cyanosis under anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Increased airway pressure during ventilation Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal oxygen and non-invasive ventilation Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative care in asthma and COPD Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Pleural disease and pleural procedures Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Resuscitation(8)

Adult cardiac arrest including the perioperative setting Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Cardiac arrest in special circumstances (adult) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Maternal collapse and cardiac arrest in pregnancy Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Newborn resuscitation and support of transition at birth Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Paediatric basic and advanced life support Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Peri-arrest and perioperative bradycardia and tachycardia (adult) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative anaphylaxis: recognition and immediate management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Post-resuscitation care and neuroprotection after cardiac arrest Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Safety and quality(12)

Accidental awareness during general anaesthesia (NAP5 Handbook) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Anaesthesia in MRI and other non-theatre environments Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Emergency evacuation of theatres and ICU and fire safety Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Environmental sustainability in anaesthesia and critical care Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Human factors in anaesthesia and responding to catastrophes Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Infection prevention and control in anaesthesia and surgery Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Key basic plan and structured crisis management (QRH) Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Medication safety: syringe labelling, injectable drugs, infusions and drug shortages Guideline summary · Primary and Final
National patient safety alerts, never events and safety updates for anaesthesia Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Patient and airway fire Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Perioperative harm prevention: positioning, pressure, eyes, checklists, enhanced recovery Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Toxicology(1)

Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Trauma(4)

Burns and inhalation injury: initial management and referral Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Head injury and traumatic brain injury: early management, ICP and transfer Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Major trauma: assessment, haemorrhage control and initial management Guideline summary · Primary and Final
Spinal injury: assessment, immobilisation and initial management Guideline summary · Primary and Final

Reference, comparison and classification tables (120)

Acid–base(1)

Blood gas and laboratory interpretation: sequence and pitfalls Reference table · Primary and Final

Airway(2)

Airway descriptors: Mallampati and Cormack–Lehane grades Classification · Primary and Final
STOP-Bang questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnoea Score · Primary and Final

Cardiovascular(10)

Antibradycardia pacemaker code (NBG) and perioperative implications Classification · Primary and Final
Cardiac catheter-lab procedures: TAVI, mitral repair, ablation and devices Comparison table · Final
Cardiovascular drugs: rate and rhythm, antihypertensives, antianginals and diuretics Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: perioperative comparison Comparison table · Primary and Final
Implantable defibrillators: antitachycardia terminology and perioperative checks Reference table · Primary and Final
Ischaemic and valvular heart disease: haemodynamic goals compared Comparison table · Primary and Final
Organ blood flow, extraction and metabolic demand Reference table · Primary and Final
Systemic and pulmonary circulation pressures Comparison table · Primary and Final
Valsalva responses in autonomic and cardiac disease Comparison table · Primary and Final
Vasopressors and inotropes: receptor effects, haemodynamics and adverse effects Drug comparison · Primary and Final

Cell physiology(1)

G-protein signalling: Gs, Gi and Gq with receptor examples Reference table · Primary and Final

Critical care(4)

ARDS definitions: Berlin (2012) and global (2023/2024) Classification · Final
Central venous catheter mechanical complications and confirmation methods Reference table · Primary and Final
Sepsis-3, shock categories and SOFA/SOFA-2 severity scores Score · Final
Shock: haemodynamic patterns and trends Comparison table · Primary and Final

Endocrine(3)

Diabetes: perioperative comparison by type and treatment Comparison table · Primary and Final
Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones: axes, feedback and the stress response Reference table · Primary and Final
Thyroid hormones: synthesis, control, antithyroid drugs and replacement Reference table · Primary and Final

Equipment(1)

Medical gas cylinders: identification, pressures and valves Reference table · Primary and Final

Fluids(3)

Body fluid composition: plasma, interstitial and intracellular Reference table · Primary and Final
Intravenous fluid composition: crystalloids, glucose and albumin Reference table · Primary and Final
Oedema mechanisms: sepsis, heart failure and hypoalbuminaemia Comparison table · Primary and Final

Gastrointestinal(1)

Gut motility: mediators, anaesthesia, opioids and prokinetics Reference table · Primary and Final

Haematology(3)

ABO and RhD blood groups: red cell and plasma compatibility Reference table · Primary and Final
Acute transfusion reactions: telling TACO, TRALI and haemolysis apart Comparison table · Primary and Final
Blood components and cell salvage: contents, storage and indications Comparison table · Primary and Final

Metabolism and temperature(2)

Vitamin deficiency and toxicity: syndromes, risk groups and perioperative relevance Reference table · Primary and Final
Vitamins: sources, functions and cofactor roles Reference table · Primary and Final

Muscle and neuromuscular(2)

Neuromuscular disease: anaesthetic comparison Comparison table · Primary and Final
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle compared Comparison table · Primary and Final

Neurosciences(5)

Chronic spinal cord injury: autonomic dysreflexia and anaesthetic implications Comparison table · Final
Cranial nerves: origin, exit, function, examination and airway relevance Reference table · Primary and Final
Glasgow Coma Scale: structured assessment and recording Score · Primary and Final
Nerve fibre classification (A, B, C) and differential block Classification · Primary and Final
Neurotransmitters: classes, receptors and anaesthetic interactions Classification · Primary and Final

Obstetric(3)

Apgar score Score · Primary and Final
Fetal well-being in labour: CTG features and categories Classification · Primary and Final
Uterine inversion, uterine rupture, multiple pregnancy and intrauterine fetal death Comparison table · Final

Paediatric(2)

Neonatal anaesthesia: physiology and common surgical conditions compared Comparison table · Final
Paediatric and neonatal equipment: tube sizes, breathing systems, airway, monitoring Reference table · Primary and Final

Pain(3)

Non-opioid and adjuvant analgesics: paracetamol, NSAIDs, ketamine and neuropathic agents Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Pain and sedation scales: NRS, VAS, FLACC and RASS Comparison · Primary and Final
The opioid-tolerant patient: perioperative issues and options Comparison · Primary and Final

Perioperative medicine(18)

Ageing: physiological and pharmacological changes by system Comparison table · Primary and Final
ASA physical status classification Classification · Primary and Final
Chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy: anaesthetic implications Drug comparison · Final
Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS version 2.0) Score · Primary and Final
ENT, maxillofacial, dental and ophthalmic surgery: anaesthetic comparison Comparison table · Final
Free-flap surgery: flap physiology, blood flow and anaesthetic goals Comparison table · Final
Functional capacity: NYHA class, METs and DASI Classification · Primary and Final
Hepatobiliary, urology, orthopaedic and transplant surgery: anaesthetic comparison Comparison table · Final
Laparoscopy and positioning: pneumoperitoneum, head-down and head-up tilt Comparison table · Primary and Final
National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) Score · Primary and Final
NCEPOD classification of intervention Classification · Primary and Final
Neuro, cardiac, vascular and thoracic surgery: anaesthetic comparison Comparison table · Final
Perioperative medicines: anticoagulant, antiplatelet, steroid and diabetes drug actions Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Perioperative risk tools: RCRI, SORT and others Comparison · Final
PONV risk scores: Apfel, Koivuranta, POVOC and PDNV Score · Primary and Final
Special populations: physiology, drugs, communication and discharge compared Comparison table · Primary and Final
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, β-lactam allergy and antibiotic interactions Reference table · Primary and Final
Transplant recipients for non-transplant surgery: grafts and immunosuppression Comparison table · Final

Pharmacology(32)

Adrenergic receptors: subtypes, signalling, organ effects and agonists Reference table · Primary and Final
Adverse drug reactions: types A to F (Rawlins–Thompson, extended) Classification · Primary and Final
Anaesthetic gases: global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime Reference table · Primary and Final
Anticholinergics: atropine, glycopyrronium and hyoscine Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Anticholinesterases: reversible agents, carbamates and organophosphates Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Antiemetics for PONV compared Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Antimicrobial classes: antibacterials, antifungals and antivirals Drug comparison · Final
Benzodiazepines and remimazolam compared Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Codeine and tramadol: CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics and MHRA restrictions Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Drug elimination pathways and organ dysfunction Reference table · Primary and Final
Drug interaction mechanisms and non-receptor (physicochemical) actions Classification · Primary and Final
Etomidate: pharmacology and adrenal suppression Reference table · Primary and Final
Inhalational agents: MAC, partition coefficients, SVP and metabolism Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Intraocular pressure: determinants, anaesthetic effects and IOP-lowering drugs Reference table · Primary and Final
Intravenous induction agents compared Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Ketamine: pharmacology, enantiomers and cautions Reference table · Primary and Final
Local anaesthetic properties: pKa, binding, onset, metabolism and toxicity Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Nitrous oxide: pharmacology and hazards Reference table · Primary and Final
Non-depolarising blockers and reversal agents compared Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Opioid comparison: kinetics, metabolites, organ failure and reversal Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Opioid receptors, signalling, tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia Reference table · Primary and Final
Propofol TCI models compared: Marsh, Schnider and Eleveld Comparison · Primary and Final
Propofol: pharmacology, infusion and propofol infusion syndrome Reference table · Primary and Final
Respiratory and CNS stimulants: doxapram, methylxanthines, modafinil, amfetamines Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Reversal agents: flumazenil, naloxone and others Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Sustainable anaesthesia: low flow, TIVA vs volatile, life cycle and staff exposure Reference table · Primary and Final
Suxamethonium: action, metabolism, potassium, contraindications and prolonged block Reference table · Primary and Final
Thiopental (thiopentone): pharmacology and hazards Reference table · Primary and Final
Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Classification · Primary and Final
Volatile agents: dose-related physiological effects by system Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Weight scalars and dose context: obesity, frailty, pregnancy and children Reference table · Primary and Final
α2-adrenoceptor agonists: dexmedetomidine and clonidine Drug comparison · Primary and Final

Physics(3)

Metric prefixes and drug unit conversions Reference table · Primary and Final
SI base and derived units and dimensional checks of clinical equations Reference table · Primary and Final
Types of flow: a classification Classification · Primary and Final

Professional practice and law(2)

Duty of candour, confidentiality, safeguarding and reasonable adjustments by UK nation Reference table · Primary and Final
UK nations compared: consent, capacity, DNACPR, organ donation and end-of-life law Reference table · Primary and Final

Regional anaesthesia(1)

Trunk fascial plane blocks compared: planes, nerves, spread and evidence Comparison · Primary and Final

Renal(2)

Chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease: perioperative comparison Comparison table · Primary and Final
KDIGO definition and staging of acute kidney injury Classification · Final

Respiratory(4)

Asthma, COPD and obstructive sleep apnoea: perioperative comparison Comparison table · Primary and Final
Bronchodilators and pulmonary vasodilators Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Non-respiratory functions of the lung Reference table · Primary and Final
Pulmonary function test interpretation Reference table · Primary and Final

Safety and quality(8)

Cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation of anaesthetic equipment Classification · Primary and Final
Human factors: situation awareness, speaking up, closed loop, cognitive aids, handover Reference table · Primary and Final
Laser safety classes and theatre controls Classification · Primary and Final
Learning systems: critical incident follow-up, debrief, fatigue and speaking up Reference table · Primary and Final
Medical electrical equipment: classes, applied-part types and leakage limits Classification · Primary and Final
National Audit Projects NAP3–NAP7: findings versus recommendations Reference table · Primary and Final
QI measures, PDSA cycles and the audit cycle Comparison table · Primary and Final
Remote and non-theatre sites: MRI, CT/IR, endoscopy, cardioversion, ECT and day surgery Comparison table · Primary and Final

Statistics(1)

Choosing a significance test Reference table · Primary and Final

Toxicology(2)

Common poisonings: specific treatments, antidotes and where to get advice Drug comparison · Primary and Final
Toxidromes, ECG and acid–base clues in poisoning Comparison table · Primary and Final

Trauma(1)

Trauma triage and injury scoring: AIS, ISS, NISS, RTS and TRISS Score · Final

GAG summarises published guidance for exam preparation. It is educational material, not an official publication of, or endorsed by, any of the organisations whose guidance it summarises. In clinical practice, follow current national and local guidance.

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